Perkembangan Prinsip Optika dan Material Lensa Kontak dalam Koreksi Kelainan Refraksi: Tinjauan Literatur Lima Tahun Terakhir (2021–2026)

Abstract

Contact lenses are optical devices placed directly on the tear film to correct refractive errors; recently, their applications have expanded to include therapeutic, cosmetic, and biomedical sensing functions. This article presents a narrative literature review of contact lens research published between 2021 and 2026, focusing on four physics-related themes: the optical principles underlying refractive correction; lens material developments and their physical properties (oxygen permeability, water content, and surface wettability); contact lens optical designs for myopia control via peripheral defocus principles; and photonic and sensor technologies in smart contact lenses. Literature sources were obtained from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Nature-indexed journals using the keywords "contact lens," "optics," "myopia control," and "smart contact lens." A descriptive-qualitative analysis technique was employed. The findings indicate that silicone hydrogel materials continue to dominate clinical use due to their superior oxygen permeability, that peripheral defocus optics have become a primary strategy for slowing myopia progression in children, and that photonic-based sensor platforms (including plasmonic and fluorescence designs) are advancing smart contact lenses from simple detection capabilities toward practical health monitoring tools. These findings are relevant to physics education, as they illustrate geometric and physical concepts, physics subject matter, and photonics in a classroom context.